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Iterated exponentials are an example of an iterated function system based on . Such systems have induced some interesting mathematical constants and interesting fractal properties based on its generalization to the complex plane.[1]

Inverse

[edit]

In fact, does have an inverse

which is well-defined for

This has induced interest in the function , which has similar limiting properties to . [2]

Convergence

[edit]

By an old result of Euler, repeated exponentiation convergence for real values inbetween and .[3]

Calculation of Iterated Exponential

[edit]

In certain situations, one may calculate the iterated exponential, and certain constants remain of mathematical interest.

Connection to Lambert's Function

[edit]

If one defines

for such where such a process converges,

Then actually has a closed form expression in terms of a function known as Lambert's function which is defined implicitly via the following equation:

Namely, that

This can be seen by inputting this definition of into the other equation that satisfies, . [4]

Iteration on the Complex Plane

[edit]

The function may also be extended to the complex plane, where such a map tends to display interesting fractal properties.[5]

Of particular interest is evaluation of the constant

Which does indeed converge [6] and has been evaluated as

<ref>Galidakis, I. N. (2004). On an application of Lambert's W function to infinite exponentials. Complex Variables, Theory and Application: An International Journal, 49(11), 759-780.</math>

  1. Finch, S. R. (2003). Mathematical constants. Cambridge university press. pp.448-<452/ref>

    Background

    Analytic Properties of Iterated Exponentials

    Minimum and Injectivity

    We note that is concave up with minimum or </math>=(0.3678794412...,0.6922006276...)</math> <ref>De Villiers, J. M., & Robinson, P. N. (1986). The interval of convergence and limiting functions of a hyperpower sequence. American Mathematical Monthly, 13-23.
  2. De Villiers, J. M., & Robinson, P. N. (1986). The interval of convergence and limiting functions of a hyperpower sequence. American Mathematical Monthly, 13-23.
  3. L. Euler, De formulis exponentialibus replicatis, Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia, Ser. 1, Opera Mathematica 15 (1927) 268-297
  4. Corless, R. M., Gonnet, G. H., Hare, D. E., Jeffrey, D. J., & Knuth, D. E. (1996). On the Lambert W function. Advances in Computational mathematics, 5(1), 329-359.
  5. Baker, I. N., & Rippon, P. J. (1985). A note on complex iteration. American Mathematical Monthly, 501-504.
  6. Macintyre, A. J. (1966). Convergence of Failed to parse (syntax error): {\displaystyle 𝑖^{𝑖𝑖 \cdots}} . Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 17(1), 67.