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Trimonoecy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Monomorphic sexual systems in angiosperms.

Trimonoecy, also called polygamomonoecy or androgynomonoecy, is a sexual system in plants in which a single individual produces male, female, and hermaphroditic flowers simultaneously.[1] Trimonoecy is rare,[2] occurring in 0.025% of angiosperm species.[3]

It is a monomorphic sexual system along with monoecy, gynomonoecy, and andromonoecy. It is hypothesized that trimonoecy originated from gynomonoecy.[4]

Genetic basis

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Ethylene is a master regulator of sex determination in some diclinous plants, such as the cucurbits.[5] In melon and watermelon, sex forms are controlled by three major genes: G/g (gynoecious), A/a (andromonecious) and M/m (male).[6] Mutations in M, which encodes an ACC synthase (ACS) involved in ethylene biosynthesis, causes female flowers to develop into hermaphrodites and the individual to become trimonoecious.[6] Similarly, mutating ACO1A, another ethylene biosynthesis gene, in Cucurbita pepo also promotes the conversion of female flowers to hermaphroditic flowers while male flowers remain unaffected, resulting in partial andromonoecy or trimonoecy.[7]

Prevalence

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Trimonoecy is present in 73 species across 44 genera and 29 families of angiosperms; 6.9% of all angiosperm families, including 20.0% of monocot families, are trimonoecious.[3] 80.3% of all trimonoecious species belong to the Superrosids or Superasterids.[3] No evidence of trimonoecy has been found in basal angiosperms or magnoliids.[3]

Species

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Families

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References

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  1. ↑ "Glossary Details - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium". sweetgum.nybg.org. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  2. 1 2 3 Cardoso-Gustavson, Poliana; Demarco, Diego; Carmello-Guerreiro, Sandra Maria (2011-08-06). "Evidence of trimonoecy in Phyllanthaceae: Phyllanthus acidus". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 296 (3): 283. Bibcode:2011PSyEv.296..283C. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0494-3. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 13226982.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-12-15). "Trimonoecy in flowering plants". Botanical Journal (in Russian). 110 (7): 619–633. doi:10.31857/S0006813625070017 (inactive 4 June 2026). ISSN 2658-6339.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
  4. ↑ Torices, Rubén; Méndez, Marcos; Gómez, José María (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. Bibcode:2011NewPh.190..234T. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.
  5. ↑ Manzano, Susana; Martínez, Cecilia; García, Juan Manuel; Megías, Zoraida; Jamilena, Manuel (2014-12-01). "Involvement of ethylene in sex expression and female flower development in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 85: 96–104. Bibcode:2014PlPB...85...96M. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.004. ISSN 0981-9428. PMID 25463265.
  6. 1 2 Ji, Gaojie; Zhang, Jie; Gong, Guoyi; Shi, Jianting; Zhang, Haiying; Ren, Yi; Guo, Shaogui; Gao, Junping; Shen, Huolin; Xu, Yong (2015-09-22). "Inheritance of sex forms in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)". Scientia Horticulturae. 193: 367–373. Bibcode:2015ScHor.193..367J. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.039. ISSN 0304-4238.
  7. ↑ Cebrián, Gustavo; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Martínez, Cecilia; Garrido, Dolores; Jamilena, Manuel (2022-01-24). "The Ethylene Biosynthesis Gene CpACO1A: A New Player in the Regulation of Sex Determination and Female Flower Development in Cucurbita pepo". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12 817922. Bibcode:2022FrPS...1217922C. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.817922. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 8818733. PMID 35140733.
  8. 1 2 Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross (2011-03-31). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3.
  9. 1 2 Godin, V. N.; Н, Годин В. (2025-02-19). "Trimonoecy in Galium rivale (Rubiaceae)". Botanical Journal (in Russian). 110 (2): 150–158. doi:10.31857/S0006813625020037 (inactive 4 June 2026). ISSN 2658-6339.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2026 (link)
  10. 1 2 Triadiati, Triadiati; Kurniati, Kurniati; Widyastuti, Utut; Dasumiati, Dasumiati (2019-12-02). "Androgynomonoecious Jatropha curcas: Chromosomes, Isozymes, and Flowers Gender". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 26 (3): 139. doi:10.4308/hjb.26.3.139. ISSN 2086-4094.
  11. 1 2 Percival, M. (2013-10-22). Floral Biology. Elsevier. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4832-9302-8.
  12. 1 2 Urbani, M. (2009-09-14). "Notes on the Distribution of Sexual Polymorphism in Some Italian Populations of Thymelaea Hirsuta (L.) Endl. (Thymelaeaceae)". Plant Biosystem. 130: 460. doi:10.1080/11263509609439683.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Batygina, T. B. (2019-04-23). Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems. CRC Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4398-4436-6.
  14. ↑ Wilson, Karen L.; Morrison, David A. (2000-05-19). Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09929-6.
  15. ↑ Aguado, Encarnación; García, Alicia; Iglesias-Moya, Jessica; Romero, Jonathan; Wehner, Todd C.; Gómez-Guillamón, María Luisa; Picó, Belén; Garcés-Claver, Ana; Martínez, Cecilia; Jamilena, Manuel (2020-08-19). "Mapping a Partial Andromonoecy Locus in Citrullus lanatus Using BSA-Seq and GWAS Approaches". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11 1243. Bibcode:2020FrPS...11.1243A. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.01243. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 7466658. PMID 32973825.


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