Libyan civilization
| Geographical range | Libya, Egypt |
|---|---|
| Period | Bronze Age |
| Dates | 3000 BC-500BC |
| Major sites | Zawyet Umm El Rakham |
| Preceded by | Berber tribes |
| Followed by | Ancient Carthage |
The Libyan civilization was formed by the Meshwesh and Libu with Hereditary monarchies[1][2] around 3000 BC.[3][4]
Territory
[edit]The Libyans mainly inhabited Cyrenaica and Marsa matruh, and established a rule over the town of Dakhla Oasis.[5][6]
After conflict with the Ancient Egypt the Libyans conquered and settled in Zawyet Umm El Rakham.[7] which would allow them trade with Cyprus, Mycenaean Greece and the Aegean Sea.[8]
Language
[edit]Libyans communicated using a early form of Berber language called Kehek language which descend from the Proto-Berber language.[9][10]
Trade and economy
[edit]The main trade product of the Libyans during the Bronze Age was the Silphium plant, closely linked to trade with the Minoan civilization.[11]
While recent evidence proves that ivory would be traded from south into the region of Tripolitania then to Egypt[12] and trade network of metal and metalwork from Cyprus[12] which would establish the "meshwesh long sword".[13]
Trade and tribute with Ancient Egypt was Meshwesh-bred cattle and North African ostrich eggs.[14]
Architecture
[edit]While physical evidence of indigenous Libyan architecture remains sparse, from the inscription of Ramesses II which inform of towns.[15]
Oric Bates points out of few of their settlments in Cyrenaica, such as Hanayah town near Bombah Gulf in Jebel Akhdar.[16]
It is agreed that they were able to construct the temple at Slonta.[17]
References
[edit]- ↑ Ferdinard Ossendowski (1926). The Fire Of Desert Folk The Account Of A Journey Through Morocco. p. 40.
- ↑ Bates, Oric (5 November 2013). The Eastern Libyan(1914):An Essay. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 9781136248771. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ↑ O'Connor, David; Reid, Andrew (2007-04-15). ANCIENT EGYPT IN AFRICA. Left Coast Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-59874-205-3.
- ↑ Alashlem, Nour (2026-03-11). "Who Inspired the Greeks and Romans? The Ancient Libyan Origins of the Jard". Arab America. Retrieved 2026-08-14.
- ↑ Haggis, Donald C. (2002-12-01). Marsa Matruh II: The Objects. INSTAP Academic Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-62303-120-6.
- ↑ Hubschmann, Caroline (2010). "Searching for the 'Archaeologically Invisible': Libyans in Dakhleh Oasis in the Third Intermediate Period". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 46: 173–187. ISSN 0065-9991.
- ↑ O'Connor, David; Quirke, Stephen (2016-06-03). Mysterious Lands. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-42380-7.
- ↑ Manzo, Andrea; Zazzaro, Chiara; Falco, Diana Joyce De (2018-11-26). Stories of Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from Late Prehistory to Early Modernity: Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VII. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-36232-1.
- ↑ Bates, Oric (1914). The eastern Libyans : an essay. University of California Libraries. London : Macmillan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑ Silvestri, Jason P. (2023). "The Oldest Berber Text(s)? Egyptian Evidence for the Ancient Libyan Language(s)". Études et Documents Berbères. 4950 (1): 319–348. doi:10.3917/edb.049.0319. ISSN 0295-5245.
- ↑ Libyan trade and society in the eve of egypt invasiom (PDF). The American Research Center In Egypt. 1999. p. 155.
- 1 2 "3 BEFORE GREEKS AND ROMANS: EASTERN LIBYA AND THE OASES, A BRIEF REVIEW OF INTERCONNECTIONS IN THE EASTERN SAHARA". JSTOR. Retrieved 2026-08-14.
- ↑ The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Fund. 1962.
- ↑ Shaw, Ian; Bloxam, Elizabeth (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927187-0.
- ↑ The Cairo Scientific Journal. Publishing Committee. 1912.
- ↑ Bates, Oric (1914). The eastern Libyans : an essay. University of California Libraries. London : Macmillan.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑ Rivista geografica italiana (in Italian). Società di studi geografici di Firenze. 1979.