Cryptide
A cryptide, also known as cryptein or cryptic peptide, is a bioactive peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor protein, whose biological activity is distinct from that of the parent protein.[1] Cryptides are involved in the modulation of a variety of biological processes, including neuronal signaling, angiogenesis, immune and inflammatory responses, and cell growth.[2] These peptides have attracted some interest in pharmacological research.
Terminology
[edit]The term cryptide refers to a bioactive peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor protein, while crypteins are cryptic proteins generated through similar mechanisms. Cryptides are conceptually part of the broader "cryptome", a subset of the proteome composed of proteins that can yield bioactive fragments upon fragmentation.[1][3] Their study en mass is known as cryptomics.[4]
Examples
[edit]Examples of cryptides include:
- Lactoferricin, an antimicrobial peptide released from lactoferrin by pepsin.
- Hemorphins, opioid peptides derived from hemoglobin.
- Hemopressins, cannabinoid system modulating peptides obscured in hemoglobin.
- Casomorphins, opioid peptides obscured in casein.
- Mitocryptide-1, a neutrophil-activating peptide derived from cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII.[5][4]
- Mitocryptide-2, another neutrophil-activating peptide, hidden in cytochrome b.[6][4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- 1 2 Pimenta, Daniel C; Lebrun, Ivo (2007). "Cryptides: Buried secrets in proteins". Peptides. 28 (12): 2403–2410. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2007.10.005. PMID 18023928.
- ↑ Ner, Joanna; Kotlinska, Jolanta H; Silberring, Jerzy (2015). "Crypteins--an overlooked Piece of Peptide Systems". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 16 (3): 203–218. doi:10.2174/1389203716666150224125557. PMID 25707474.
- ↑ Gaglione, Rosa; Pizzo, Elio; Notomista, Eugenio; de la Fuente-Núñez, César; Arciello, Angela (2020). "Host Defence Cryptides from Human Apolipoproteins: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 20 (14): 1324–1337. doi:10.2174/1568026620666200427091454. PMID 32338222.
- 1 2 3 Samir, Parimal; Link, Andrew J. (2011). "Analyzing the Cryptome: Uncovering Secret Sequences". AAPS Journal. 13 (2): 152–158. doi:10.1208/s12248-011-9252-2. PMC 3085711. PMID 21327597.
- ↑ Mukai, Hidehito; Hokari, Yoshinori; Seki, Tetsuo (2008). "Discovery of Mitocryptide-1, a Neutrophil-activating Cryptide from Healthy Porcine Heart". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (45): 30596–30605. doi:10.1074/jbc.M803913200. PMC 2662150. PMID 18768476.
- ↑ Mukai, Hidehito; Seki, Tetsuo; Nakano, Hiroko; Hokari, Yoshinori; Takao, Toshifumi (2009). "Mitocryptide-2: purification, identification, and characterization of a novel cryptide that activates neutrophils". Journal of Immunology. 182 (8): 5072–5080. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0802965. PMID 19342687.